জীব বিজ্ঞান

 Rxeb cvV

RxeweÁvb : RxeweÁv‡bi Bs‡iwR cwifvlv Biology| Biology kãwU `ywU  j¨vwUb kã bios A_© Rxeb Ges logos A_© Ávb Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ| weÁv‡bi †h kvLvq Rx‡ei MVb, ˆRewbK wµqv Ges RxebaviY m¤ú‡K© mg¨K ˆeÁvwbK Ávb cvIqv hvq Zv‡KB RxeweÁvb ejv nq| wMÖK `vk©wbK A¨vwi÷Uj‡K (wLªóc~e© 384-322) RxeweÁv‡bi RbK ejv nq|

RxeweÁv‡bi kvLvmg~n : Rx‡ei aib Abymv‡i RxeweÁvb‡K cÖavb `ywU kvLvq fvM Kiv nq, h_v : Dw™¢` weÁvb I cÖvYx weÁvb| Rx‡ei †Kvb w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡”Q Zvi Ici wfwË K‡i RxeweÁvb‡K Avevi †fŠZ RxeweÁvb I dwjZ RxeweÁvb G `ywU kvLvq fvM Kiv nq|

     †fŠZ RxeweÁvb : †fŠZ RxeweÁvb kvLvq ZË¡xq welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z mvaviYZ †hme welq¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ nq Zv n‡jv : 1. A½ms¯’vb (Morphology); 2. †kªwYweb¨vmwe`¨v (Taxonom); 3. kvixiwe`¨v (Physiology); 4. wn‡÷vjwR (Histology); 5. åƒYwe`¨v (Embryology); 6. †Kvlwe`¨v (Cytology); 7. eskMwZwe`¨v (Genetics); 8. weeZ©bwe`¨v (Evolution); 9. ev¯‘we`¨v (Ecology); 10. G‡ÛvµvB‡bvjwR (Endocrinology); 11. Rxef‚‡Mvj (Biogeography) BZ¨vw`|

     dwjZ RxeweÁvb : dwjZ RxewÁvb kvLvq Rxeb-mswkøó cÖv‡qvwMK welqmg~n Av‡jvwPZ nq| G‡Z mvaviYZ †h welq¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ nq Zv n‡jv : 1. cÖZœZË¡we`¨v (Palaeontology); 2. RxecwimsL¨vb we`¨v (Biostatistics); 3. ciRxexwe`¨v Parasitology; 4. grm¨weÁvb (Fisheries); 5. KxUZË¡ (Entomology); 6. AYyRxeweÁvb (Microbiology); 7. K…wlweÁvb (Agriculture); 8. wPwKrmvweÁvb (Medical Science); 9. wRb cÖhyw³ (Genetic Engineering);  10. cÖvYimvqb (Biochemistry); 11. g„wËKv weÁvb (Soil Science); 12. cwi‡ek weÁvb (Environmental Science); 13. mgy`ª weÁvb (Oceanography) 14. eb weÁvb (Forestry); 15. RxecÖhyw³ (Biotechnology), 16. dv‡g©wm (Pharmacy); 17. eb¨cÖvwYwe`¨v (Wildlife) Ges 18. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm (Bioinformatics).

RxeweÁvb cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ : RxeweÁv‡bi wkÿv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q K…wl‡ÿ‡Î bvbvb D”P djbkxj avb, Mg, fyÆv D™¢e Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| cÖvYx cÖRbb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q AwaK `y» cÖ`vbKvix Miæ I gwnl D™¢e Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| AwaK cwigvY gvsm I wWg cÖ`vbKvix nuvm I gyiwM Drcbœ Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| gvQ Pv‡lI e¨vcK mvdj¨ G‡m‡Q| RxeweÁv‡bi Ae`v‡bi d‡j GKw`‡K †hgb wewfbœ †iv‡Mi RxevYy Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q, †Zgwb bvbvb `yiv‡ivM¨ †ivM `gb Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ iK‡gi A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Ilya m„wó Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|

†kªwYweb¨vm : Rx‡ei AvK…wZMZ I cÖK…wZMZ wewfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i cvi¯úwiK mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„‡k¨i Ici wfwË K‡i Zv‡`i wewfbœ RMr, ce©, †kªwY, eM©, †MvÎ, MY, cÖRvwZ av‡c web¨¯Í Kivi c×wZ‡K †kªwYweb¨vm e‡j|

†kªwYweb¨vm we`¨v : RxeweÁv‡bi †h kvLvq Rx‡ei bvgKiY, kbv³KiY I †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K †kªwYweb¨vm we`¨v (Taxonomy) e‡j|

cÖvYx †kªwYweb¨vm : cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i Ici wfwË K‡i cÖvYx‡`i †Mvôxfy³ Kivi c×wZ‡K cÖvYx †kªwYweb¨vm e‡j|

†kªwYweb¨v‡mi avc : Rx‡ei †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ‡Z mvZwU avc Aej¤^b Kiv nq| †kªwYweb¨v‡mi avc¸‡jv n‡jv :

     RMr (Kingdom), ce© (Phylum), †kªwY (Class), eM© (Order), †MvÎ (Family), MY (Genus) I cÖRvwZ (Species)

GKwU Rx‡ei cÖRvwZ ch©šÍ †kªwYweb¨v‡mi avc¸‡jv web¨¯Í ev mvRv‡bv _v‡K Gfv‡e-

 RMr (kingdom)

     ce© (Phylum)

         †kªwY (Class)

              eM© (Order)

                  †MvÎ (Family)

                      MY (Genus)

                           cÖRvwZ (species)

†kªwYweb¨v‡mi RbK : †kªwYweb¨v‡mi RbK n‡jb cÖK…wZ weÁvbx K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm|

wØc` bvgKiY : GKwU Rx‡ei ˆeÁvwbK bvg `ywU Ask wb‡q MwVZ nq| cÖ_g AskwU Zvi MY bvg I wØZxq AskwU Zvi cÖRvwZK bvg| Giƒc `ywU c` wb‡q MwVZ bvg‡K wØc` bvg e‡j Ges bvgKi‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K wØc` bvgKiY e‡j| wØc` bvgKiY cÖeZ©b K‡ib  K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm|

†kªwYweb¨v‡mi avc ev GKK : Rx‡ei †kªwYMZ Ae¯’vb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †hme avc e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡`i †kªwYweb¨v‡mi avc ev GKK ejv nq|

RxeRM‡Zi †kªwYweb¨vm : 1969 mv‡j ûB‡UKvi GKwU cuvPRMr †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| G¸‡jv n‡”Q g‡biv, †cÖvwU÷v, dvbRvB, cøvbwU I A¨vwb‡gwjqv| cieZx©Kv‡j gvi¸wjm 1974 mv‡j GwU ms‡kvab K‡ib| wZwb mg¯Í RxeRMr‡K `ywU mycvi wKsW‡g fvM K‡ib Ges cuvPwU RMr‡K G `ywU mycvi wKsW‡gi AvIZvfy³ K‡ib|

mswÿß cÖkœ DËi

cÖkœ \ 1 \ RxeweÁvb wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ Kx?

DËi : RxeweÁv‡bi wkÿvq Rxe‡`‡ni wewfbœ Ask I A‡½i MVb, †`‡ni wewfbœ ivmvqwbK Kg©KvÊ, Rx‡ei cywó MÖnY, cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bv Ges cÖRbb m¤^‡Ü Rvbv hvq|

cÖkœ \ 2 \ RxeweÁv‡bi †fŠZ kvLv¸‡jvi bvg wjL|

DËi : RxeweÁv‡bi †fŠZ kvLv¸‡jv n‡jv :

1.  A½ms¯’vb (Morphology)

2.  †kªwYweb¨vm (Taxonomy)

3.  kvixiwe`¨v (Physiology)

4.  wn‡÷vjwR (Histology)

5.  å~Ywe`¨v (Embryology)

6.  †Kvlwe`¨v (Cytology)

7.  eskMwZwe`¨v (Genetics)

8.  weeZ©bwe`¨v (Evolution)

9.  ev¯‘we`¨v (Ecology)

10. G‡ÛvµvB‡bvjwR (Endocrinology) I

11. Rxef‚‡Mvj (Biogeography)|

cÖkœ \ 3 \ RxeweÁv‡bi dwjZ kvLv¸‡jvi bvg wjL|

DËi : RxeweÁv‡bi dwjZ kvLv¸‡jv n‡jv:

1.  cÖZœZË¡we`¨v (Palaeontology)

2.  RxecwimsL¨vb we`¨v (Biostatistics)

3.  ciRxexwe`¨v (Parasitology)

4.  grm¨weÁvb (Fisheries)

5.  KxUZË¡ (Entomology)

6.  AYyRxeweÁvb (Microbiology)

7.  K…wlweÁvb (Agriculture)

8.  wPwKrmvweÁvb (Medical Science)

9.  wRbcÖhyw³ (Genetic Engineering)

10. cÖvYimvqb (Biochemistry)

11. g„wËKv weÁvb (Soil Science)

12. cwi‡ek weÁvb (Environmental Science)

13. mvgyw`ªK RxeweÁvb (Oceanography)

14. ebweÁvb (Forestry)

15. RxecÖhyw³ (Biotechnology)

16. dv‡g©wm (Pharmacy)

17. eb¨cÖvwYwe`¨v (Wildlife)

18. ev‡qvBb&di‡gwUKm (Bioinformatics)

cÖkœ \ 4 \ wØc` bvgKiY c×wZ Kx?

DËi : cÖ‡Z¨K Rx‡ei weÁvbm¤§Z bv‡g mvaviYZ `ywU c` _v‡K| cÖ_gwU M‡Yi (Genus) bvg Ges wØZxqwU cÖRvwZi (species) bvg| Rxe‡`i MY I cÖRvwZ bvgK `ywU c‡`i mgš^‡q MwVZ bvg‡K wØc` bvg Ges bvgKi‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K wØc` bvgKiY c×wZ e‡j|

cÖkœ \ 5 \ †kªwYweb¨v‡mi avc¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki|

DËi : GKwU Rxe‡K cÖRvwZ ch©šÍ web¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î g~jZ 7wU avc Av‡Q| avc¸‡jv n‡jv :

RMr (Kingdom)

     ce© (Phylum)/ wefvM (Division)

            †kªwY (Class)

                 eM© (Order)

                      †MvÎ (Family)

                          MY (Genus)

                               cÖRvwZ (Species)

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ \ 1 \ Rx‡ei †kªwYweb¨v‡mi cª‡qvRbxqZv Kx?

DËi : RxeRM‡Zi †kªwYweb¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eûwea| GLv‡b K‡qKwU D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv| †hgb :

(1)  gvby‡li cÖ‡qvR‡bB Rxe m¤ú‡K© mg¨K ÁvbvR©b AZ¨vek¨K| †kªwYweb¨v‡mi Øviv mn‡R me ai‡bi Dw™¢` I cÖvYx m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|

(2) †kªwYweb¨vm Rxe‡`i mwVK kbv³KiY‡K mnRZi K‡i †`q| d‡j ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv, gvbeKj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Dw™¢` I cÖvYx‡K mwVKfv‡e kbv³ Kiv hvq|

(3)                                                                                                                               Rx‡ei cÖRvwZ¸‡jv‡K wbw`©ó ixwZbxwZ Abyhvqx Ggbfv‡e †kªwYe× Kiv nq hv‡Z G‡`i DrcwË, weeZ©b aviv, RvwZRwb m¤ú‡K©i GKwU wPÎ dz‡U I‡V|

(4) A_©‰bwZK ¸Ym¤úbœ Dw™¢` evQvB‡q †kªwYweb¨v‡mi Áv‡bi ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q|

(5)                                                                                                                         †kªwYweb¨v‡mi Ávb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †Kv‡bv A‡ji cwi‡e‡ki Dc‡hvMx Dw™¢` I cÖvYxmg~n‡K wbe©vPb Kiv hvq|

     DwjøwLZ cÖ‡qvRbxqZv QvovI c„w_exi mg¯Í Rxe‡K AvšÍR©vwZK cwiwPwZ cÖ`v‡b †kªwYweb¨v‡mi Ávb we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

Ávbg~jK cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ \ 1 \ ev‡qvjwR k‡ãi cÖe³v ev RbK †K?

DËi : ev‡qvjwR k‡ãi cÖe³v ev RbK wMÖK `vk©wbK A¨vwi÷Uj|

cÖkœ \ 2 \ Rxewe`¨v Kv‡K e‡j?

DËi : weÁv‡bi †h kvLvq Rx‡ei MVb Ges RxebaviY m¤ú‡K© mg¨K ˆeÁvwbK Ávb cvIqv hvq Zv‡KB Rxewe`¨v ev RxeweÁvb ejv nq|

cÖkœ \ 3 \ wn‡÷vjwR ej‡Z Kx †evS?

DËi : Rxe‡`‡ni wUmy¨mg~‡ni MVb, web¨vm I Kvh©vewj m¤^‡Ü RxeweÁv‡bi †h kvLvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K wn‡÷vjwR e‡j|

cÖkœ \ 4 \ ICBN Gi cy‡iv bvg Kx?

DËi : ICBN Gi cy‡iv bvg International Code of Botanical Nomenclature|

 

cÖkœ \ 5 \ ICZN-Gi cy‡iv bvg Kx?

DËi : ICZN Gi cy‡iv bvg - International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

cÖkœ \ 6 \ †K me©cÖ_g †kªwYweb¨v‡mi wfwË cÖeZ©b K‡ib?

DËi : K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm me©cÖ_g †kªwYweb¨v‡mi wfwË cÖeZ©b K‡ib|

cÖkœ \ 7 \ wØc` bvgKi‡Yi g~j jÿ¨ Kx?

DËi : ˆewPΨgq Rxe RM‡Zi cÖwZwU Rxe‡K Avjv`v bv‡g mwVKfv‡e RvbvB wØc` bvgKi‡Yi g~j jÿ¨|

cÖkœ \ 8 \ wcuqv‡Ri ˆeÁvwbK bvg Kx?

DËi : Allium cepa

cÖkœ \ 9 \ cÖRvwZ Kx?

DËi : cÖRvwZ nj †kªwYweb¨v‡mi †gŠwjK GKK hv wØc`x bv‡gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq|

cÖkœ \ 10 \ †fŠZ Rxe weÁvb kvLvi Av‡jvP¨ welq Kx?

DËi : Rxe weÁv‡bi ZË¡xq welq¸‡jvB nj †fŠZ Rxe weÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq|

cÖkœ \ 11 \ dvbRvB iv‡R¨i Rxe‡`i Lv`¨MÖnY c×wZ Kxiƒc?

DËi : dvbRvB iv‡R¨i Rxe‡`i Lv`¨MÖnY c×wZ n‡jv †kvlY|

Abyavebg~jK cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ \ 1 \ †kªwYweb¨vm Kv‡K e‡j? Rxewe`¨vq ˆeÁvwbK bvg e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx Kx?

DËi : Rx‡ei AvK…wZMZ I cÖK…wZMZ wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆewkó¨vewji cvi¯úwiK mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„‡k¨i Ici wfwË K‡i G‡K wewfbœ `‡j mw¾Z KiY‡K †kªwYweb¨vm e‡j|

RxeRM‡Z cÖwZwU Rx‡ei ˆeÁvwbK bvg Abb¨ (unique)| KviY GKB bvg `ywU c„_K Rx‡ei Rb¨ e¨env‡ii AbygwZ †bB ICBN Abymv‡i| ˆeÁvwbK bvg e¨env‡ii myweav n‡jv, AvÂwjK fvlvq GKwU cÖvYxi ev GKwU Dw™¢‡`i †h bv‡gB _vKzK bv †Kb, mvivwe‡k¦ RxeweÁvbxiv GKwU cÖvYx ev GKwU Dw™¢`‡K GKB bv‡g wPb‡Z cvi‡e| †hgb : avb MvQ‡K Avgiv avb MvQ ewj wKš‘ we‡k¦i Ab¨ †`‡k avb ej‡j wPb‡Z cvi‡e bv wKš‘ Oryza sativa ej‡j weÁvbxiv eyS‡Z cvi‡e GwU Kx ai‡bi Dw™¢`|

cÖkœ \ 2 \ gvi¸wjm Gi †kªwYweb¨v‡mi iƒc‡iLv Q‡Ki gva¨‡g †`LvI|

DËi : gvi¸wjm Gi cuvP RMr †kªwYweb¨v‡mi QK-

cÖkœ \ 3 \ wØc` bvgKi‡Yi cÖavb PviwU wbqg D‡jøL Ki|

DËi : wØc` bvgKi‡Yi cÖavb PviwU wbqg wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :

1.  †KejgvÎ j¨vwUb fvlvq Rx‡ei bvgKiY Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv fvlvq bvgKiY wm× bq|

2.  ˆeÁvwbK bv‡gi `ywU Ask _vK‡e, cÖ_g AskwU MY bvg Ges wØZxq AskwU cÖRvwZ bvg †hgb : Labeo rohita iæB gv‡Qi ˆeÁvwbK bvg|

3.  MY-Gi bv‡gi cÖ_g Aÿi eo ni‡d Ges cªRvwZi bvg †QvU ni‡d wjL‡Z n‡e| whwb cÖ_g †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei ˆeÁvwbK bvg †`b D³ Rx‡ei ˆeÁvwbK bv‡gi †k‡l Zuvi bvg ms‡ÿ‡c w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb : Panthera tigris L (L A_©vr Linnaeus)| Rx‡ei ˆeÁvwbK bvg memgq Italic Aÿ‡i wjL‡Z n‡e|

 

cÖkœ \ 4 \ GKwU Dw™¢` ev cªvYx m¤^‡Ü aviYv wb‡Z n‡j RxeweÁv‡bi †Kvb †Kvb kvLvi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq?

DËi : GKwU Dw™¢` ev cÖvYx m¤^‡Ü aviYv wb‡Z n‡j RxewUi AvK…wZ, †Kv‡li MVb, ˆRewbK cÖwµqv, RxeRM‡Z Zvi Ae¯’vb I Zvi Avevm¯’vb m¤^‡Ü aviYv wb‡Z n‡e| G aviYv¸‡jv RxeweÁv‡bi KZ¸‡jv †fŠZ kvLv †hgb : A½ms¯’vb, †Kvlwe`¨v, kvixiwe`¨v, †kªwYweb¨vmwe`¨v I ev¯Íywe`¨vi mvnvh¨ cvIqv hv‡e|

cÖkœ \ 5 \ dvbRvB Gi `ywU ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL Ki|

DËi : dvbRvB Gi `ywU ˆewkó¨-

i)  Giv g„ZRxex ev ciRxex|

ii) G‡`i †KvlcÖvPxi KvBwUb Øviv wbwg©Z|

cÖkœ \ 6 \ cuvP iv‡R¨i †kªwYweb¨v‡mi ivR¨¸‡jvi bvg Kx Kx?

DËi : Rx‡ei †kªwYweb¨v‡mi cuvPwU ivR¨-

ivR¨ - 1 Monera       ivR¨ - 2 Protista

ivR¨ - 3 Fungi         ivR¨ - 4 Plantae

ivR¨ - 5 Animalia

cÖkœ \ 7 \ U¨v‡·vbwg I †kªwYweb¨v‡mi cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Ki|

DËi : U¨v‡·vbwg RxeweÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv| GLv‡b Rx‡ei bvgKiY, kbv³KiY I †kªwYweb¨vm Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| †kªwYweb¨vm U¨v‡·vbwgi GKwU Ask| Rx‡ei bvgKiY I kbv³Ki‡Yi ci Zv‡`i wewfbœ †Mvôx‡Z fvM Kivi c×wZ n‡jv †kªwYweb¨vm|

cÖkœ \ 8 \ ICBN Abymv‡i av‡bi ˆeÁvwbK bvg Kx Kx fv‡e wjL‡Z cvi‡e?

DËi : ICBN Abymv‡i av‡bi ˆeÁvwbK bvg wjL‡Z n‡e-

     BUvwjK ni‡d Oryza sativa

     †ivgvb ni‡d ev nv‡Z wjL‡j Oryza sativa

cÖkœ \ 9 \ cøvbwU Ges A¨vwb‡gwjqv iv‡R¨i cv_©K¨ †jL|

DËi : cøvbwU Ges A¨vwb‡gwjqvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡P †jLv n‡jv :

cøvbwU	A¨vwb‡gwjqv
i) G‡`i †`n‡Kv‡l Ro †Kvl cÖvPxi I cøvw÷W we`¨vgvb| ii) Giv mv‡jvKms‡kølYKvix, ¯^‡fvRx Dw™¢`|	i) G‡`i †`n‡Kv‡l Ro †Kvl cÖvPxi I cøvw÷W †bB| ii) Giv mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y Aÿg, ci‡fvRx cÖvYx|

cÖkœ \ 10 \ weeZ©b we`¨vq Av‡jvPbvi welq¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki|

DËi : weeZ©b we`¨vq Av‡jvPbvi welq¸‡jv n‡jv c„w_ex‡Z cÖv‡Yi weKvk, Rx‡ei weeZ©b Ges µgweKvk Z_¨mg~‡ni ch©v‡jvPbv|

cÖkœ \ 11 \ g‡biv wKsW‡gi ˆewkó¨ Kx Kx?

DËi : g‡biv wKsW‡gi ˆewkó¨ :

i) Giv †cÖvK¨vwiIwUK Rxe|

ii) GK‡Kvlx Rxe|

iii)                           wbDwK¬qvm wbw`©ó Kiv hvq bv ev _v‡K bv|

cÖkœ \ 12 \ †Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i RxeRMZ‡K cuvPwU iv‡R¨ fvM Kiv nq?

DËi : wb‡Pi welq¸‡jvi Dci wfwË K‡i Rxe RMZ‡K cuvPwU iv‡R¨ fvM Kiv nq| h_v :

i) †Kv‡li DNA I RNA Gi cÖKvi‡f`

ii) Rxe‡`‡n †Kv‡li ˆewkó¨

iii)                           †Kv‡li msL¨v I

iv) Lv`¨vf¨vm|